この記事は公開されてから1年以上経過しています。情報が古い可能性がありますので、ご注意ください。
AWSチームのすずきです。
2020年3月に実施した「Developers.IO」のリニューアル、インフラ側(バックエンド)で実施した変更について紹介させていただきます。
フロント側の変更については、諏訪の記事をご覧ください。
背景
2019年末、月間290万PV/90万UU のアクセス数を達成した「Developers.IO」。
2011年の開設当時よりCMSとしてWordPressを採用、記事などを管理するデータベースとしてAmazon Auroraを利用しています。
PHPが動作するEC2は、ElasticBeanstalkで管理、負荷に応じたオートスケール(スケールアウト)、配信性能の向上のため、CloudFront、Nginxを利用した最適化を実施しています。
WordPressは、Auroraのマスタノードのみを利用していたため、サイト規模の増加に比例してデータベースの負荷も上昇。 Aurora はスペックアップを行う事が可能ですが、データベース性能が不足した場合、応答遅延やサイトダウンに至る事がありました。
また、Auroraを最大ピークに合わせたスペックで稼働させた場合、 リザーブドインスタンスによる割引や、可用性の低下を許容した上でのSigleAZ利用であっても、月額のコストが課題となる状態でした。
Aurora1ノードの月額コスト試算
スペック | オンデマンド | 1年RI | 3年RI |
---|---|---|---|
db.r5.large | 256.2 | 142.0 | 95.4 |
db.r5.xlarge | 512.4 | 284.0 | 190.8 |
db.r5.2xlarge | 1024.8 | 567.9 | 381.5 |
db.r5.4xlarge | 2049.6 | 1135.9 | 762.9 |
※東京リージョンの月額費用(USドル)。RIは全額前払を按分。
改善
記事の公開系を新しいアーキテクチャで刷新。データベースに高い負荷を発生させていた処理の改善を実施しました。
記事執筆に利用するCMSとしてのWordPressは、そのまま維持しています。
記事表示
WP REST API を利用して記事データを取得、サーバサイドレンダリング(SSR) を実施する Lambdaを導入しました。
SQL実行数
WordPressのPHPがDBを利用して実施していた記事HTMLの生成、オフロードされた事で、 1回の記事表示で発生するSQLの実行数は約1/5 (260→55)までに削減されました。
- リニューアル前
$cat mysqlquery_dump.log | grep '13 Query' | while read line
do
echo "${line}" | cut -c 1-80
done | sed 's/.*Query\t//g'
SET NAMES utf8mb4
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SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode
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SELECT option_name, option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE autoload =
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SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'active_s
SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'ure_task
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SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'wp-optim
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SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'classic-
SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = '_transie
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SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'wpcom_pu
UPDATE `techblog_options` SET `option_value` = '' WHERE `option_name` =
UPDATE `techblog_options` SET `option_value` = 'a:429:{s:27:"ranking/(\
SELECT ID, post_name, post_parent, post_type
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM techblog_postmeta WHERE meta_key = '_twitter_count
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM techblog_postmeta WHERE meta_key = '_facebook_coun
SELECT meta_id FROM techblog_postmeta WHERE meta_key = '_facebook_count
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM techblog_postmeta WHERE meta_key = '_view_count' A
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SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = '_transie
SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = '_transie
- リニューアル後
SET NAMES utf8mb4
SET NAMES 'utf8mb4' COLLATE 'utf8mb4_unicode_520_ci'
SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode
SET SESSION sql_mode='NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION'
SELECT option_name, option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE autoload =
SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'disqus_a
SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'active_s
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SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'uninstal
SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'wp-optim
SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'wp-optim
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SELECT option_value FROM techblog_options WHERE option_name = 'googleau
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UPDATE `techblog_options` SET `option_value` = '' WHERE `option_name` =
UPDATE `techblog_options` SET `option_value` = 'a:429:{s:27:"ranking/(\
SELECT * FROM techblog_posts WHERE ID = 544694 LIMIT 1
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SELECT * FROM techblog_as3cf_items WHERE source_id = 544757 AND source_
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SELECT * FROM techblog_as3cf_items WHERE source_id = 544772 AND source_
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SELECT techblog_posts.ID FROM techblog_posts WHERE 1=1 AND techblog
PHP処理時間
PHPの動作時間の短縮 (2.9 →0.1s)も確認できました。
- リニューアル前
$ time curl http://localhost/blog/renewal-devio-2020/ > /dev/null
real 0m2.911s
- リニューアル後(WP API)
$ time curl -v http://localhost/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/544694 > /dev/null
real 0m0.135s
データソースの使い分け
WordPressのデータベースを都度参照する方式だった執筆者、ランキングページを改めました。
- リニューアル前
- リニューアル後
記事、執筆者単位の集計結果を事前にJSON化してS3に保存。SSRを行うLambdaが非同期に参照する利用を実現しました。
{
"author_id": 6,
"post_count": 642,
"facebook_count": 12965,
"hatena_count": 20656,
"twitter_count": 16974,
"display_name": "諏訪 悠紀",
"user_nicename": "suwa-yuki",
"sns_score": [
{
"post_date": "2011-07",
"facebook_count": 5,
"hatena_count": 5,
"twitter_count": 5,
"post_count": 2
},
{
"post_date": "2011-08",
"facebook_count": 19,
"hatena_count": 59,
"twitter_count": 23,
"post_count": 3
},
表示速度
執筆者ページの表示速度は、11秒から2秒台まで改善しました。
- リニューアル前
- リニューアル後
効果について
DBLoad(DB エンジンのアクティブセッション数)について、高負荷時(P99)の数値について約1/5となった事を確認できました。
今後について
分類
負荷対策として表示を取り下げていた、カテゴリー、タグなどのメニューについて、2020年時点の記事内容に合わせて見直した上で、再公開を予定しています。
- 2013年当時のDevelopers.IO
検索
既存の「DevelopersIO」サイト内検索は、WordPressのプラグイン「elasticpress」を利用して、Elasticseachを利用しています。
整備したタグ、カテゴリー情報をなどをクエリ対象としたUIや、表示系の改善を実施する事で、検索体験、精度の向上を図る予定です。
{"terms":{"properties":
{
"category":{"properties":{"name":{"type":"text","fields":{"keyword":{"type":"keyword","ignore_above":256}}}}},
"post_tag":{"properties":{"name":{"type":"text","fields":{"keyword":{"type":"keyword","ignore_above":256}}}}}}
}
}
ランキング
新しい執筆者ページ、以下の仕組みと連携して実現しています。
SNSシェア数集計システム、記事の他の要素についても扱う事が可能であるため、 今後はPV数などをランキング要素にするなどの拡張や、ストリーム処理を活用した速報ランキングなども提供出来ればと考えています。
Aurora serverless
データベースの負荷削減が実現できた事で、Aurora serverless を現実的なコストで利用できる可能性が高まりました。
オートスケールによるDB性能の自動調整や、Data API を利用したよりサーバレスなシステム連携の実現を試みる予定です。
また、別リージョンを利用した低コストなDR。
- Aurora serverless、平時は停止状態で維持
- S3を利用して、記事DBと画像データを同期 (リージョン間レプリケーション(CRR))
までを実現する事で、万一東京リージョンに大規模な障害が発生した場合でも、短時間で復旧サイトを再開できる見込みです。
まとめ
今回紹介させて頂いたリニューアル、約2ヶ月弱で実現できた成果になります。
- 2/15 SSR実現Lambda、プロトタイプ完成
- 2/27 新記事ページの先行公開 (6記事)
- 3/6 実行環境(WordPress、PHP)の最新化、最適化
- 3/22 記事ページ全面公開
- 4/2 執筆者とランキングページのリリース
新旧記事ページの共存、切替や、データ連携、ログ管理などの仕組みについては追って紹介させて頂ければと思います。